Spectrochemical Series
Crystal field splitting (Δ) depends on the ligand and the field generated by the charge present on the metal ion. Some ligands can create a strong field, leading to greater splitting, while others generate a weak field, resulting in lesser splitting of the d-orbitals. Generally, ligands can be arranged in order of increasing field strength as follows:
I⁻ < Br⁻ < SCN⁻ < Cl⁻ < S²⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ < C₂O₄²⁻ < H₂O < NCS⁻ < EDTA¹⁻ < NH₃ < en < CN⁻ < CO
This series is known as the spectrochemical series. It is an experimentally determined sequence based on the absorption of light by complexes formed with different ligands.
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